Crescendo and Decrescendo in Music

The decrescendo, or diminuendo, has the opposite effect of the crescendo. The two line are angled and converge to a single point. The length of the lines also depends on how long the decrescendo should last. A decrescendo means to gradually get softer over a marked period of time.



A crescendo marking can be expressed with two lines beginning from a single point opening up into an angle. The length of the lines depend on how long the crescendo should take effect. A crescendo means to gradually get louder over a marked period of time.

Musical Terms

crescendo: gradually get louder.


decrescendo: gradually get softer.


diminuendo: gradually get softer.


mezzo: half.


staccato: detached, short.


vibrato: slight change of pitch on same note.

a capella:

a capella: for choral music without accompaniment.

Key - Musical Notation

A key is a reference to music written in one of twenty-four diatonic scales. There are twelve major scales and twelve minor scales. The key signature indicates which of these major or minor scales the music is written. The final cadence determines whether the key is major or minor. Key signatures are marked over again at the begining of each new staff system.

A key signature may have up to seven sharp symbols, seven flat symbols or nothing at all.

Measure in Musical Notation

A measure, in music, is a measurement of time that contains a specific number of pulses defined by a time signature. Depending on the time value, a pulse, or a group of pulses, make-up a beat. A measure contains a natural division of strong beats and weak beats.

Depending on the time signature, certain beats within a measure are naturally accented. A measure is divided into strong beats and weak beats. The first beat of every measure is the strongest.

Accents - Musical Notation

Accents are symbols placed on top or below one or several notes. It tells you how the note should sound: Hard, soft, short, attacked, hammered... Accents are often referred as articulation.

Articulation symbols indicate how a note should sound. Accents are one group of articulation that indicates how hard, soft, short or long a note should sound. Other articulation symbols indicates that a note should be repeated a number of times or should express a certain texture.



There are five basic accent symbols. Three of these accents could be paired with the staccato. The staccato indicates that the note should be held for about half its value. A series of staccato notes would sound as detached.

Tempo - Musical Notation

Tempo means time in Italian. The expression found at the top left corner of the musical staff indicates how fast the music should be played. The expression could be a word or a metronome marking.

adagio: very slow.


allegro: lively, rather quick.


grave: extremely slow and solemn.


largo: slow and broad.



presto: very quick.


vivace: quick and lively.

Musical Staff - Musical Notation

A musical staff represents the time line of musical sound events. It is generally made up of five lines and four spaces. Notes are placed on these line and spaces to inform which pitch should sound. Notes placed on the top or each other would sound in harmony. Notes placed side by side of each other would sound as melody.



The notes on the musical staff indicates how high or how low the pitch will sound. The higher up the note is placed on the musical staff, the higher the pitch will sound. The lower the note is placed on the musical staff, the lower the pitch will sound. If notes are to go higher or lower than the five lines of the musical staff, ledger lines can be used to extend the staff.

Time Signatures in Musical Notation

In a Time Signature, the top number gives you the number of beats per measure and the bottom number gives you the type of note that takes the beat. The Time Signature is placed at the begining of the music right after the key signature. The Time Signature is not repeated at the begining of each system. It is only repeated if the Time Signature changes.

Time is perceived in music when a sequence of sounds are held for specific durations. The various note durations combined in harmonic and melodic form is called rhythm. More specific, rhythm is the combination of various measurements of time that shape melody, harmony, phrases and the whole composition.

For most music, the two ingredients that affect rhythm are tempo and metre. Metre is a measurement of music in time where time is divided into groups of pulses as designated by the top number of a time signature. Tempo tells you how fast the music is to be played.

The time signature defines the metre in music. The top number, given in simple time, may be in duple, triple or quadruple time. Simple time may also be combined with each other to form other complex metres.

The bottom number, common to all time signatures, tells you what note gets the pulse.

Rests in Musical Notation

A rest means no sound is to be played for a duration of time. The various types of rest symbols, like the various types of note shapes, signify different durations of silence in time.

A rest indicates a duration of silence. Various rest symbols signify different durations of silence. rests may apply to one or several voices depending whether or not there is linear independence in the music.





A whole rest is usually equivalent, in value, to the whole note. It is often placed in an empty measure regardless of the time value as indicated by the time signature.

Dynamic Markings in Musical Notation

Dynamic marks indicate how loud or soft the music should be played. For instrumental parts, dynamic marks are placed under (or near-by) a note beneath the musical staff. For a vocal part, the dynamic mark is placed above (or near-by) a note on top of the musical staff.

ff = fortissimo: Very loud.

f = forte: Loud.

p = piano: Soft.

pp = pianissimo: Very soft.

fp = forte-piano: Loud, then immediately soft.

Clef in Musical Notation

A Clef is one of many symbols that gives the pitch of any one of the five lines in the musical staff. For instance, the treble clef marks the second line of the musical staff as G. All the other pitches fall into place according to that line.

The clefs that are used most often are the treble clef and the bass clef.



The treble clef is also known as a G clef because it looks like a fancy G. The treble clef circles the second line of the musical staff to tell you that it is G. All other notes fall on the other lines and spaces accordingly.



The bass clef handles the lower range of notes. It is also called an F clef because it came from an old fashion F symbol that looks like an F. The bass clef marks the fourth line of the musical staff as F. All other notes fall on the other lines and spaces accordingly.

Bar Lines in Musical Notation

Repeat endings may have bracketed numbers indicating the order in which such endings are to be played. After playing through the first time, the performer takes the first ending for the repeat. The second time the performer will take the second ending and so on.



Repeat bars, that have a pair of dots on the left of the double bar, indicate that the music is to be repeated from a double bar having a pair of dots to its right. If there are no double bars, with a pair of dots on its right, the music is repeated from the beginning.



Bar lines are placed on the musical staff to separate the divisions of time. Time is divided in groups of pulses as defined in the time signature. The space between two bar line is called a measure or bar.

Parts of a Note

The part of a note that is common to all note symbols is the note head. A note head may take different shapes and sizes depending on the effect the composer intends for that sound. The note head is placed on a line or a space of the musical staff to indicate what pitch to play.


The stem is part of a note that is common to all note types smaller in duration than the whole note. A note head placed below the middle line of the musical staff has the stem going up. Likewise, a note head placed above the middle line of the musical staff has the stem going down. For the stem going up, it is placed to the right of the note head. For the stem going down, it is placed to the left. When a note head is placed on the middle line of the musical staff, the stem can go either up or down.


When there are two or more notes grouped in harmony or by beam, the stem goes opposite the direction of the furthest note from the middle line of the musical staff.

The flag is part of a note that is common to all note types smaller in duration than a quarter note. The more flags on the note stem, the shorter the duration of the note. Flagged notes are often beamed together within the space of a beat. In vocal music, notes are beamed over a sustained syllable.

January 13, 2009 Study Guide

1. What is the other name for the F clef in music?
A. Bass Clef

2. What is the Principle of Design that refers to the way the elements of art are arranged to create a feeling of stability in a work or a pleasing or harmonious arrangement or proportion of parts or areas in a design or composition?
A. Balance.

3. What is the name for the symbol (in music) which, when placed on a staff with a particular clef sign, indicates pitch?
A. Note

4. What is the Principle of Design that gives importance or dominance (weight) to some feature or features of an artwork; something singled out, stressed, or drawn attention to by means of contrast, anomaly, or counterpoint for aesthetic impact?
A. Emphasis.

5. In music, what is the name of the note or rest equal to two half notes and four quarter notes?
A. Whole note/Whole rest

6. In a piece of artwork, what is the part called where interest or attention centers?
A. Focal Point.

7. In music, what is the name of the symbol which raises the pitch of a note one-half step?
A. Sharp.

8. Which Principle of Design involves the act or process of moving, especially change of place or position?
A. Movement.

9. What is the name for a visual tempo or beat, or the Principle of Design that refers to a regular repetition of elements of art to produce the look and feel of movement?
A. Rhythm.

10. In music, what do you call the symbols that show varying degrees of loud and soft?
A. Dynamic Markings.

11. What does Fermata mean in musical notation?
A. Hold or pause

12. What does Forte mean in Dynamic Markings in music?
A. Loud.

13. What is a comic opera with dancing called?
A. Operetta

14. In music, what does the dynamic marking called crescendo mean?
A. Gradually Louder.

15. What is the performing art form called that is a musical using popular culture elements?
A. Rock Opera

16. What is the musical notation symbol which lowers the pitch of a note one-half step?
A. Flat

17. When there is entertainment or spectacle featuring animal acts and human feats of daring, what is this called?
A. Circus arts.

18. In musical notation, what has five horizontal lines, with four spaces, upon which the notes and other musical symbols are placed?
A. Staff

19. What form of performance art is a play or film whose action and dialogue is interspersed with singing and dancing?
A. Musical Theater

20. In music, which dynamic marking symbol means “soft” or “pianoforte”?
A. Piano

21. In music, what is the name for the vertical lines on the staff that divide and organize music?
A. Measures.

22. When a performer speaks directly to the audience without the theatrical “fourth wall”, reciting a fast-paced succession of “bits”, that form of performing arts is called what?
A. Stand-up Comedy

23. True or False. A pantomime is someone who uses great fictional tales to portray a smaller fictional story to an audience.
A. False.

24. In music notation, what is the large fancy symbol to the far left that shows the musician that the staff is treble?
A. Treble clef

25. What form of the performing arts uses the exercise of sleight of hand or conjuring for entertainment?
A. Magic

26. Clustering, proximity, dominant color, and contour are all part of what (in the Principles of Design)?
A. Unity.

27. Size and scale are all part of what (in the Principles of Design)?
A. Proportion.

28. When something is plain and doesn’t have any variety, what is that called?
A. Monotony.

29. Monotony and Diversity are both part of what (in the Principles of Design)?
A. Variety.

30. Which Principle of Design refers to a union or blend of aesthetically compatible components?
A. Harmony.

31. Which painting movement was the one in which artists typically applied paint rapidly, and with force to their huge canvases in an effort to show feelings and emotions?
A. Abstract Expressionism.

32. During which art movement was Rembrandt’s work?
A. Baroque.

33. Which fairy-tale includes an animal that is different than his brothers and sisters who changes into something beautiful after an early life of not being accepted?
A. The Ugly Duckling.

34. Who was the artist who created the collage called “Summertime”.
A. Romare Bearden

35. What is the art technique called where an artist creates a work of art with paint on a surface?
A. Painting.

36. What is the name for a 3-dimensional work of art?
A. Sculpture

37. What is the art, craft, and science of producing permanent images of objects on light-sensitive surfaces?
A. Photography.

38. What type of art technique was used in the piece called “Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna” that depicts the emperor of the Byzantine Empire?
A. Mosaic.

39. Which art technique is the depiction of shapes and forms on a surface chiefly by means of lines?
A. Drawing.

40. Which art technique uses a block or plate or other object that is covered with wet color and then pressed onto a flat surface to create the print or shape?
A. Printmaking.

41. Etching, Silk-screening, Lithography and woodcut are all types of what?
A. Printmaking.

42. Which art technique is a picture or design created by adhering such basically flat elements as newspaper, wallpaper, printed text, and other items when the result becomes three-dimensional?
A. Collage.

43. Flat, smooth, shiny, glossy, glittery, and velvety are all forms of what in visual art?
A. texture.

44. Depth, positive, negative, background, foreground and middle-ground are all part of what in visual art?
A. Space.
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If you are in 5th/6th grade, you need to know the following (in addition to the 3rd and 4th grade information). Note: some of the study guides will incorporate all grades since we have classes that are mixed with 3-6th grade students.

Visual Art

Art techniques: sculpture (additive, subtractive, modeling, casting, found,
full-round), relief, printmaking (linoleum cut, silkscreen, intaglio),
carving, ceramics (earthenware, stoneware, terra cotta)

Genres: history, mythology, religion, genre, vernacular

Media: acrylic, enamel, lacquer, charcoal, bronze

Support: leather, plaster, panel, cardboard, screen

Elements of Design:

Color: chroma tones, color wheel: adjacent

Value: gray scale, tone, core of shadow

Line: interrupted, blurred, controlled, freehand

Shape: amorphous, biomorphous, organic

Form: ovoid, natural forms

Texture: abrasive, corrugated

Space: flat, shallow, open, closed, perspective: one-point, two-point, aerial

Principles of Design:

Balance: radical

Emphasis: anomaly, counterpoint

Rhythm: staccato, progressive

Pattern: lattice, helix

Proportion: ratio, elongate, distort

Unity: continuation

Contrast: simultaneous, value, temperature

Art Movements: Ashcan School, Bauhaus, Dada, Fauvism, Futurism, Mannerism, Neoclassicism, Post Impressionism, Social Realism, Surrealism

Art Styles: fauvism, rococo, surrealism, trompe l’oeil, Hudson River School

Art Careers: art buyer, art conservator, art historian, artist, museum curator

Methods of Painting: impasto, stipple

Art Tools: graver, gouge

Architectural Terms: arch, column and capital (Ionic, Doric, Corinthian),

Artists and Their Masterworks
(be familiar with biographical data, period, style, and listed works)

George Caleb Bingham, 1811-1879. American. Realism. Painted frontier scenes always featuring people. Fur Traders Descending the Missouri

Antonio Canaletto, 1697-1768. Italian. Architectural scenes. Capriccio: A Street Crossed by Arches

Salvador Dali, 1904-1989. Spanish. Surrealism. His paintings are dominated by symbolism and imagery. The Persistence of Memory and The Sacrament of the Last Supper

Cyrus E. Dallin, 1861-1943. American. Portrait statues and statues of Native Americans. Paul Revere, John Hancock, Massasoit, and Sacajawea

Jacques David, 1748-1825. French. Neoclassicism. Very symmetrical, balanced, structured paintings. Was the dictator for French art during the French Revolution. The Oath of Horatii

Edgar Degas, 1834-1917. French. Impressionism. Painted indoor scenes featuring women, especially ballet dancers. The Dancing Class and L’Absinthe

Maynard Dixon, 1875-1946. American. Western landscapes and American Indians. – Road to the River

Albrecht Durer, 1471-1528. German. Renaissance. Noted for his detailed realistic woodcuts and watercolors. Young Hare and Self Portrait (Age 26)

Jean-Honore Fragonard, 1732-1806. French. Rococo. The Love Letter

Mabel Frazer, 1887-1981. American. Sunrise North Rim

Paul Gauguin, 1848-1903. French. Post Impressionism. Used large areas of bright solid color and shadow. Harvest Scene

Francisco Goya, 1746-1828. Spanish. Realism and Romanticism. His paintings and portraits show vitality and excitement. The Bullfight

El Greco, 1541-1614. Greek (lived in Spain). Mannerism. Painted figures with distorted body parts. – View of Toledo

Katsushika Hokusai, 1760-1849, Japanese. Printmaking. The Great Wave

Michelangelo Buonarroti, 1475-1564. Italian. Renaissance. His paintings and sculptures are noted for their accuracy, strength, reality, and expressiveness. The Delphic Sybil

Edouard Manet, 1832-1883. French. Impressionism. Used a bright underpainting with large areas of solid colors on top. Worked in both oils and pastels. Un Bar aux Folies Bergere

Henri Matisse, 1869-1954. French. Fauvism. Green Stripe (Madame Matisse)

Pierre Auguste Renoir, 1841-1919. French. Impressionism. His paintings have great technical skill. Emphasized people. A Box at the Theater, Le Moulin de la Galette and Luncheon of the Boating Party

Sven Birger Sandzen, 1871-1954. Swedish (live in America). Neo-Impressionism. Moonrise in the Canyon, Moab, Utah

V. Douglas Snow – Cockscomb, near Teasdel

Andrew Wyeth, 1917- . American. Modern Realism. His landscapes and portraits are extremely detailed, almost photographic. Christina’s World

Historic Mosaic: Emperor Justinian I of the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna

Music

Musical Notation: eighth notes, eighth rest, sharp, flat, natural, fermata, measure, bar lines, ledger lines

Dynamic markings: pianissimo, fortissimo, diminuendo

Common Time Signatures: 2/2, 6/8 (Know what they mean.)

Basic Conducting Patterns: 2/2, 6/8

Tempo: largo, adagio, andante

Scales and Tonality

Major Keys

Musical Forms: aria, concerto, sonata, suite, symphony movements

Instrument Families (Recognize and identify each instrument by sight and sound. Also know their relative positions in an orchestra.):

String: contrabass, double bass

Brass: sousaphone

Woodwind: bass clarinet, English horn, bass clarinet

Percussion: celeste, chimes, marimba, castanets, maracas

Music Careers: recording technician, lyricist

Musical Groups: ensemble, chorus

Cultural Types: African, Latin, Calypso, Oriental

Song Types: spiritual, raps, descants

Dance Types: cha-cha, polka, square dance, Virginia Reel

Music Periods (Know the general historical background): Baroque, Classical, Modern, Rock and Roll

Miscellaneous Terms: a capella, consonance, dissonance, chord

Musicians and Their Masterworks

Be familiar with biographical data, period, style (where applicable), and listed works. Participants should be able to recognize and identify each listed work from a brief audio selection of one part of the work. The italicized title is the part required for answers during the tournaments.

Johann Sebastian Bach, 1685-1750. German. Baroque. Church music. Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring; Minuet in G from Anna Magdalena

Ludwig Beethoven, 1770-1827. German (spent his adult life in Austria) – Fifth Symphony: First Movement

Johannes Brahms, 1833-1897. German. Romantic. Symphonies, instrumentals and art songs. Hungarian Dances: #4 and #5

Aaron Copeland, 1900–1990. American. Modern. Folk songs and dances. Rodeo: “Hoedown”, Fanfare for the Common Man, and Appalachian Spring

George Gershwin, 1898–1937. American. Pop and concert music. Rhapsody in Blue

Morton Gould, 1913-1996. American. Modern. American Salute

Scott Joplin, 1868–1917. American. “King of Ragtime.” Maple Leaf Rag

Anton Dvorak, 1841-1904. Czechoslovakian. Romantic. Folk songs and dances. New World Symphony: Movements 1 and 2

George F. Handel, 1685–1759. German (spent adult life in England). Baroque and Classical. Church music and oratorios. The Messiah: “Hallelujah Chorus”

Sergei Prokofiev, 1891–1953. Russian. Neo-Classical. Symphonies and operas. Classical Symphony: Gavotte

John Phillip Sousa, 1854–1932. American. Modern. Marches. Stars and Stripes Forever

Antonio Vivaldi, 1678–1741. Italian. Baroque. Concertos and operas. The Four Seasons: “Spring” Movement 1 and “Autumn” Movement 1

Performing Arts

Forms: theater (play), music, dance, ballet, opera, operetta, rock opera, circus arts, musical theater, stand-up comedy, pantomime, illusion, magic, mime, play, acrobatics, marching arts, juggling, film, revue, variety show, vaudeville, radio drama, tableau vivant, puppetry (hand, stick, shadow, marionette)

Subjects: comedy, tragedy, melodrama, tragicomedy, satire, epic

Elements of Theater: script, process, product, audience, speech, gesture, music, dance, sound, spectacle

Elements of Drama: theme, action (plot), characters (antagonist, protagonist), setting, language, music, spectacle (visual elements), monologue, prologue, epilogue, intermission

Dramatic Structure: point of attack (main action), exposition (important information), rising action, climax (crisis), resolution

Elements of Acting: voice (projection, articulation, imitating dialects and accents, inflection, pitch, tempo, tone, volume, stress), physical expressiveness (body language, facial expression, eye contact, energy), perspective, emotion, imagination, timing, blocking

Elements of the Stage: deck, proscenium, wing, apron, backdrop, stage positions (center stage, stage right, stage left, upstage, downstage, backstage)

Basic Performing Arts Concepts: audience (audience participation, applause, etiquette), audition, casting, character actor, costumes (theatrical character, national, holiday/festival, mascot), role, dual role, special effects (light gels, smoke machine, sound effects, music), set, stagecraft (scenery, lighting, costume design, makeup, sound), props, choreography, script, libretto, score

Dance Forms: ballet, jazz, hip hop, break dancing, modern, tap, ballroom, Latin

Careers: choreographer, designer, costumer, director, stage manager, editor, cinematographer, carpenter, actor, playwright, set designer, electrician

Musicals (basic plot, setting, main characters, composers, music):

Les Miserables (Broadway Musical, 1987)

Phantom of the Opera (Broadway Musical, 1988)

West Side Story (United Artists Film, 1961)

Cats (Broadway Musical, 1981)

Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat (Broadway Musical, 1982)

Wicked (Broadway Musical, 2003)

Language Arts: Literature and Motion Pictures

Children’s Literature (author, story line, characters, setting):
The Book of Three by Lloyd Alexander

A Series of Unfortunate Events: The Bad Beginning; the Reptile Room; The
Wide Window by Daniel Handler (Lemony Snicket)

Lemony Snicket’s A Series of Unfortunate Events (Paramount, 2004)

Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl

Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (Warner Bros., 2005)

Dear Mr. Henshaw by Beverly Cleary

Island of the Blue Dolphins by Scott O’Dell

The Little Mermaid by Hans Christian Andersen

The Little Mermaid (Walt Disney Film, 1989)

Peter and Wendy by J. M. Barrie

Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain

The Princess Academy by Shannon Hale

Fablehaven by Brandon Mull


Newberry Award Books
author, title, story line, characters, setting, year of award

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If you are in 3-6 grade, you need to know this information (In other words, everyone needs to know this information).

Visual Art

Art techniques: painting, drawing, sculpture, photography, printmaking (etching, silkscreen, lithography, woodcut), mosaic, collage, montage, basketry, ceramics (pottery, porcelain)

Genres: portraiture (portrait, self-portrait, statue, bust), landscapes, seascapes, still life, cartoon

Media: oil paint, watercolor, tempera, ink, pastel, crayon, clay, marble, fresco

Support: canvas, linen, paper, parchment, wood

Elements of Design:

Color: hue, intensity, color wheel: primary, secondary, tertiary,
complementary, monochromatic, warm/cool, neutral

Value: shades, tints, light, highlight, shadow, reflected light, cast shadow

Line: vertical, horizontal, diagonal, straight, curved, parallel

Shape: geometric: two-dimensional, circle, oval, oblong, various polygons,

Form: three-dimensional, sphere, cube, pyramid, cone, cylinder, realistic, abstract

Texture: actual, simulated, flat, smooth, shiny, glossy, glittery, velvety, feathery, soft, wet, gooey, furry, sandy, leathery, crackled, prickly,
rough, bumpy, puffy, rusty, slimy

Space: depth, positive, negative, background, foreground, middle ground, overlapping, vanishing point, baseline, horizon line

Principles of Design:

Balance: symmetrical (formal), asymmetrical (informal)

Emphasis: focal point, contrast

Movement: implied action

Rhythm: repetition, regular, irregular

Pattern: motif, waves

Proportion: size, scale

Unity: clustering, proximity, dominant color, contour

Variety: diversity, monotony

Harmony: aesthetic

Contrast: color, intensity, textural, pattern, size

Art Movements: Abstract Expressionism, Baroque, Cubism, Impressionism, Neo-Impressionism, Op Art, Pop Art, Realism, Romanticism, Symbolism

Art Styles: impressionism, primitive, naturalism, romanticism

Art Careers: architect, art buyer, art critic, artist, art educator, landscape architect, sculptor

Methods of Painting: pointillism, feathering, divisionism

Art Tools: brush, brayer, easel, eraser, camera, chisel, hammer, kiln, palette, potter’s wheel, scissors

Artists and Their Masterworks
(be familiar with biographical data, period, style, and listed works)

Romare Bearden, 1911-1988. American. Modern. collage. Summertime

George Bellows, 1882-1925. American. Realism. Action-filled paintings of prize fights. Member of the Ash Can School. Dempsey and Firpo

Pieter Brueghel, 1521-1569. Flemish (Dutch). Northern Renaissance. Humorous scenes of daily life and landscapes. The Harvesters

Mary Cassatt, 1845-1926. American. Impressionism. Family scenes, especially mothers and children. The Bath

Paul Cezanne, 1839-1906. French. Post Impressionism. Reduced objects in nature to basic shapes. Considered the founder of modern art. Apples and Oranges and The Card Players

Marc Chagall, 1887-1985. Russian (lived in France). Expressionism. Scenes of Russian life and much symbolism. I and My Village

James C. Christensen, 1942- . American. Rhinoceros

Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519. Italian. Renaissance. Portraits and religious works. Mona Lisa

Louise R. Farnsworth, 1878-1969. American. Expressionism. Capitol from North Salt Lake

Thomas Gainsborough, 1727-1788. England. Rococo. Colorful portraits and landscapes. Blue Boy

William Harnett, 1848-1892. American. Realism. Still-life with remarkable detail. My Gems

Edward Hicks, 1780-1849. American. Naïve, simplistic style. Flat patterns without perspective. Peaceable Kingdom

Winslow Homer, 1836-1910. American. American Realism. Outdoor scenes with much movement. Snap the Whip and Breezing Up

Paul Klee, 1879-1940. Swiss. Expressionism and Surrealism. Simple geometric shapes in simple arrangements. Head of a Man and Sindbad the Sailor

Jean Francois Millet, 1814-1875. French. Realism. Scenes of rural life. Member of Barbizon School. The Gleaners

Claude Monet, 1840-1926. French. Impressionism. Used light, shadow, and colors effectively. Boats at Argenteuil

Berthe Morisot, 1841-1895. French. Impressionism. The Cradle

George M. Ottinger, 1833-1917. American. Romantic Realism. Immigrant Train

Pablo Picasso, 1881-1973. Spanish. Cubism. Used many different styles. Guernica ,The Aficionado, and Enamel Saucepan

Jackson Pollock, 1912-1956. American. Abstract Expressionism. Dribbled paint on canvas laid on the floor. Mural

Frederic Remington, 1861-1909. American. Realism. Action-filled paintings of the American West. The Scout: Friends or Enemies

Georges Seurat, 1859-1891. French. Post Impressionism and Neo-Impressionism. Used dots of six basic colors to create his pictures (pointillism). A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of la Grande Jatte

Joseph M. W. Turner, 1775-1851. English. Romanticism. Painted landscapes with brilliant glow and pure colors. Rockets and Blue Light

Vincent Van Gogh, 1853-1890. Dutch (live in France). Post-impressionism. Used vivid colors and sweeping brush strokes to convey emotions. The Bedroom at Arles and The Blue Cart

Rembrandt van Rijn, 1606-1669. Dutch. Baroque. Portraits and religious scenes. Considered the master of Dutch art. The Man with the Golden Helmet and The Night Watch

Paul Salisbury, 1903-1973, American. Cowboy/Western landscape painter. Riders of the Range

Jan Vermeer, 1632-1675. Dutch. Dutch Baroque. Painted small very detailed pictures of daily life. The Lacemaker and The Letter

Mohonri Young, 1877-1957. American. Social Realism – Factory Worker

Music

Musical Notation: treble, bass, clefs, staff, notes (whole, half, quarter), rests (whole, half, quarter), sharp, flat, natural, fermata, measure

Dynamic markings: piano, forte, crescendo, decrescendo

Voice parts (Recognize notes. Recognize and identify from an audio recording): soprano, alto, tenor, bass

Rhythm: beats, measures

Common Time Signatures: 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 (Know what they mean)

Basic Conducting Patterns: 2/4, 3/4, 4/4

Tempo: allegro, presto

Musical Forms: ballet, chorus, ensemble, musical theater, opera, suite, symphony

Instrument Families (Recognize and identify each instrument by sight and sound. Also know their relative positions in an orchestra.):

String: violin, viola, cello, string bass

Brass: trumpet/cornet, French horn, trombone, tuba, saxophone

Woodwind: piccolo, flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon

Percussion: piano, harp, timpani/kettle drum, xylophone, triangle, snare drum, bass drum, gong, cymbals,

Music Careers: composer, conductor, accompanist

Musical Groups: band, orchestra, choir, solo, duet, trio, quartet

Song Types: folk, patriotic, rounds, chants, ostinatos

Dance Types: ballet, waltz, Mexican Hat Dance

Musicians and Their Masterworks
Be familiar with biographical data, period, style (where applicable), and listed works. Participants should be able to recognize and identify each listed work from a brief audio selection of one part of the work. The italicized title is the part required for answers during the tournament.

Kenneth Alford, 1881-1945. English. “The March King.” Colonel Bogey March
Ludwig Beethoven, 1770-1827. German (spent his adult life in Austria). Classical and Romantic. Symphonies and Instrumentals. Fur Elise

Georges Bizet, 1838-1875. French. Romantic. L’Arlesienne Suite No. 1,“Prelude”

Aaron Copland, 1900-1990. American. Folk songs and dances. Rodeo: “Hoedown,”“Buckaroo Holiday,” “Waltz,” “Corral Nocturne”

Leo Delibes, 1836-1891. French. Classical. Coppelia, “Waltz of the Doll” – Act II: Valse de la poupee

Edward Grieg, 1843-1907. Norwegian. Romantic. Folk songs and dances. Peer Gynt Suite: “In the Hall of the Mountain King”

Ferde Grofe, 1892-1972. American. Modern. Orchestra and band music. Grand Canyon Suite: “On the Trail”

George F. Handel, 1685-1759. German (spent his adult life in England). Baroque and Classical. Church music and oratorios. Music for the Royal Fireworks: HWV 351 (1749): Minuet II; Water Music, Suite No. 2 in D, HWV 349, XII. Alla Hornpipe

Franz Joseph “Papa” Haydn, 1732-1809. Austrian. Classical. Father of the Symphony. Surprise Symphony

Englebert Humperdink, 1854-1921. German. Romantic. Operas. Hansel and Gretel

Wolfgang Mozart, 1756-1791. Austrian. Classical. Symphonies, operas, and church music. The Magic Flute: Overture; Horn concert No. 2 in E flat, K. 417:3. Rondo; Symphony de Fanfares: Variations on Ah, Vous dirai-je Maman

Jean-Joseph Mouret, 1682-1738. French. Baroque. Rondeau

Sergei Prokofiev, 1891-1953. Russian. Neo-Classical. Symphonies and operas. Peter and the Wolf; The Love for Three Oranges: March

Maurice Ravel, 1875-1937. French. Impressionistic. Instrumental music. Mother Goose Suite: Laideronnette: Empress of the Pagodas

Richard Rodgers, 1902-1972. American. Modern. Musical theater. March of the Siamese Children

Camille Saint-Saens, 1835-1921. French. Romantic. Instrumental and vocal music. Carnival of Animals: The Swan

Franz Schubert, 1797-1828. Austrian. Romantic. Art songs. March Militaire

Robert Schumann, 1810-1856. German. Romantic. Piano and vocal music. Scenes from Childhood: “Knight of the Hobby-Horse” and “Catch-as-Catch-Can”

Bedrich Smetana, 1824-1884. Czechoslovakian. Romantic. Folk songs and dances. The Moldau

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, 1849-1908. Russian. Romantic. Symphonies and operas. Flight of the Bumblebee

Peter Tchaikovsky, 1840-1893. Russian. Romantic. Symphonies and ballets. Nutcracker Suite: Op.71: “March” and “Russian Dance”

Performing Arts

Forms: theater (play), music, dance, ballet, opera, circus arts, , musical theater, pantomime, puppetry (hand, stick, shadow, marionette)

Subjects: comedy, tragedy, melodrama

Elements of Theater: script, product, audience, music, dance, sound

Elements of Drama: plot, characters (antagonist, protagonist), setting, music, spectacle (visual elements), monologue

Dramatic Structure: main action, rising action, climax, resolution

Elements of Acting: voice (projection, articulation, imitating dialects and accents, pitch, tone, volume), physical expressiveness (body language, facial expression, eye contact), perspective, emotion

Elements of the Stage: deck, stage positions (center stage, stage right, stage left, upstage, downstage, backstage), exit right, exit left

Basic Performing Arts Concepts: audience (audience participation, applause, etiquette), audition, casting, costumes, role, special effects (light gels, smoke machine, sound effects, music), set, stagecraft (scenery, lighting,
costume design, makeup, sound), props, choreography, script, score

Dance Forms: ballet, jazz, modern, tap, ballroom, Latin

Careers: choreographer, costumer, director, producer, actor, playwright

Musicals (basic plot, setting, main characters, composers, music):

Oklahoma (RKO Film, 1955)

South Pacific (Broadway Musical, 1949)

The King and I (20th Century Fox Film, 1956)

Sound of Music (20th Century Fox Film, 1965)

The Music Man (Warner Bros. Film, 1962)

Annie (Broadway Musical, 1976)

Mary Poppins (Walt Disney Film, 1964)

Wizard of Oz (MGM Film, 1939)


Language Arts: Literature and Motion Pictures

Children’s Literature (author, story line, characters, setting):

Charlotte’s Web by E. B. White

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by Frank Baum

The Wizard of Oz (MGM, 1939)

Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone by J.K. Rowling

Show Way by Jacqueline Woodson

The Other Side by Jacqueline Woodson

Frindle by Andrew Clements

Babymouse: Queen of the World (graphic novel) by Jennifer Holm

Winnie-the-Pooh by A. A. Milne

The Legend of William Tell (no specific print or film version)

Where the Sidewalk Ends by Shel Silverstein

The Giving Tree by Shel Silverstein

Charlotte’s Rose by Ann Cannon

Snowmen at Night by Caralyn Buehner


Folk/Fairy Tales (author, story line, characters, setting):

Beauty and the Beast

Sleeping Beauty

Cinderella

The Snow Queen

Jack and the Beanstalk

Snow White

Little Red Riding Hood

Three Billy Goats Gruff

The Princess and the Pea

The Ugly Duckling

Rumpelstiltskin

Literary Forms:
haiku
biography
autobiography
fiction


Caldecott Award Books
author, title, story line, characters, setting, year of award


Please take time to look some of this information up at home to study. There will not be time to go through all of this information prior to the Knowledge Bowl competition in March.

Thanks!

-Natasha Call
Harvestknowledge09.blogspot.com
harvestknowledge09@gmail.com
653-2763

Study Guide from 1-6-09

Knowledge Bowl Study Guide
1/6/2009

1. What is another name for a play or other dramatic literature or performance?
A. Theater

2. What is the Principle of Design that refers to the way the elements of art are arranged to create a feeling of stability in a work or a pleasing or harmonious arrangement or proportion of parts or areas in a design or composition?
A. Balance.

3. What is another name for sounds that produce effect: sounds, usually produced by instruments or voices, that are arranged or played in order to create an effect?
A. Music

mu•sic [ myzik ]

noun

Definition:

1. sounds that produce effect: sounds, usually produced by instruments or voices, that are arranged or played in order to create an effect
2. art of arranging sounds: the art of arranging or making sounds, usually those of musical instruments or voices, so as to create an effect

4. What is the Principle of Design that gives importance or dominance (weight) to some feature or features of an artwork; something singled out, stressed, or drawn attention to by means of contrast, anomaly, or counterpoint for aesthetic impact?
A. Emphasis.

5. When someone moves their feet and body rhythmically, usually in time to music, what is that called?
A. Dance or dancing

dance [ danss ]

verb (past and past participle danced, present participle danc•ing, 3rd person present singular danc•es)

Definition:

1. intransitive verb move rhythmically to music: to move the feet and body rhythmically, usually in time to music
2. transitive verb perform particular steps to music: to perform or participate in a particular series of rhythmic steps and movements, usually to music
to dance a lively polka

6. What is the Principle of Design that creates a large difference between two things; for example, hot and cold, green and red, light and shadow?
A. Contrast.

7. Which form of dance is characterized by conventional steps, poses, and graceful movements including leaps and spins?
A. Ballet

8. In a piece of artwork, what is the part called where interest or attention centers?
A. Focal Point.

9. When a story is performed by dancers with a choreographed presentation of a story or theme performed to music by dancers, what is that called?
A. Ballet

10. Which Principle of Design involves the act or process of moving, especially change of place or position?
A. Movement.

11. When performers (actors) are performing with music and singing rather than reciting their lines, and when it is a drama in which the text is set to music and staged, what is that performing art called?
A. Opera

12. What is the name for a visual tempo or beat, or the Principle of Design that refers to a regular repetition of elements of art to produce the look and feel of movement?
A. Rhythm.

13. What is a comic opera with dancing called?
A. Operetta

Operetta - comic opera with dancing: a theatrical production, usually with a comic theme, similar to opera but with much spoken dialogue and usually some dancing. Gilbert and Sullivan wrote many operettas.

14. What is it called when elements of art are used over and over again several times in the same picture?
A. Repetition.

15. What is the performing art form called that is a musical using popular culture elements?
A. Rock Opera

Rock Opera, musical using popular culture elements. An example of rock opera is Jesus Christ Superstar (1971) by British composer Andrew Lloyd Webber and British lyricist Timothy Rice. These works can be produced for the stage or as motion pictures, or both, as with a number of Lloyd Webber’s most successful shows.

16. What is the repetition of anything – shapes, lines, or colors—also called a motif, in a design referred to?
A. Pattern.

17. When there is entertainment or spectacle featuring animal acts and human feats of daring, what is this called?
A. Circus arts.

Entertainment or spectacle featuring animal acts and human feats of daring. The modern circus was founded in England in 1768 by the bareback rider Philip Astley (1742–1814), who built stands around his performance ring and opened Astley's Amphitheatre. One of his riders later established the Royal Circus (1782), the first modern use of the term. The first U.S. circus opened in Philadelphia in 1793. Horse acts were later joined by wild-animal acts. After the invention of the flying trapeze by Jules Léotard (1859), aerial acts were featured. P.T. Barnum expanded the traditional circus by adding two rings to create the three-ring circus (1881) and augmented it with sideshow performers. Circuses traveled throughout the U.S., Europe, and Latin America, performing in a tent (the Big Top) into the 1950s. Today circuses usually perform in permanent buildings, though small troupes still travel with tents in some regions. By the late 20th century, notable circuses also had developed in Africa, India, Spain, Brazil, and Mexico. Perhaps the most innovative trend in circuses at the turn of the 21st century was the establishment of companies such as the Cirque du Soleil; these companies employed no animals, instead emphasizing acts of human skill and daring and integrating elements of contemporary music and dance into the overall performance.

18. A consistent or recurrent conceptual element, usually a figure or design, or an architectural or decorative pattern that is repeated is called what?
A. Motif.

19. What form of performance art is a play or film whose action and dialogue is interspersed with singing and dancing?
A. Musical Theater

20. What Principle of Design refers to the comparative, proper, or harmonious relationship of one part to another whole with respect to size, quality, or degree; a ratio?
A. Proportion.

21. When a performer speaks directly to the audience without the theatrical “fourth wall”, reciting a fast-paced succession of “bits”, that form of performing arts is called what?
A. Stand-up Comedy

Stand-up comedy is a style of comedy where the performer speaks directly to the audience, with the absence of the theatrical "fourth wall". A person who performs stand-up comedy is known as a stand-up comic, stand-up comedian (comedienne if female) or more informally stand up. It is usually performed by a single comedian, with the aid of a hand-held microphone (sometimes, however, the comic will opt to keep the microphone in the stand so he or she may use both hands for visual effect, as is the case of Ron White). The comedian usually recites a fast-paced succession of humorous stories, short jokes (called "bits"), and one-liners, which comprise what is typically called a monologue, routine or act. Some stand-up comedians use props, music or magic tricks to enhance their acts. Stand-up comedy is often performed in comedy clubs, bars, colleges and theaters. However, there is no real restriction on where the craft can be performed. Many smaller venues hold "open mic" events, where amateur comedians perform comedy before a live audience, offering a way for such performers to hone their craft and possibly break into the business. In North America, many comedy clubs feature the now-iconic brick wall as the backdrop for stand-up performances.
Many stand-up routines are similar to one-man shows, with the main difference being the expectations of the audience, who, in some cases, expect a relatively steady stream of "laughs". This in turn affects the aims of the performer, who is under great pressure to deliver those laughs. If the performer cannot coax laughs out of the crowd, sometimes the crowd will poke fun at the comedian, a practice known as heckling.

22. In the Principles of Design, what is a ratio (proportion) used in determining the dimensional relationship between a representation to that which it represents (its actual size), as in maps, architectural plans, and models…often expressed numerically as two quantities separated by a colon(:). For example, a town represented by a map…the map would not be the same size as a town, but would be shown in inches, feet, meters, etc. to represent the town. What is this principle of design called?
A. Scale

23. True or False. A pantomime is someone who uses great fictional tales to portray a smaller fictional story to an audience.
A. False.

pan•to•mime [ pántə mm ] (plural pan•to•mimes)

noun
Definition:
1. mime artist: somebody who acts without speaking, using gesture and expression
2. humorous British theatrical entertainment: a style of British theater, or a play in this style, traditionally performed at Christmas, in which a folktale or children's story is told with jokes, songs, and dancing
3. Roman theatrical performance: in ancient Rome, a theatrical performance by one masked actor who played all the characters, using only dance, gesture, and expression, and no words, while a chorus narrated the story

24. What is the quality of wholeness or oneness that is achieved through the effective use of the elements and principles of design called?
A. Unity.

25. What form of the performing arts uses the exercise of sleight of hand or conjuring for entertainment?
A. Magic

26. Clustering, proximity, dominant color, and contour are all part of what (in the Principles of Design)?
A. Unity.

27. What form of performing art uses only gesture and action: a style of performance in which people act out situations or portray characters using only gesture and action?
A. Mime (see # 23)

28. Size and scale are all part of what (in the Principles of Design)?
A. Proportion.

29. When someone uses great skill and agility with their body during a performance, they are using what?
A. acrobatics (they would be called an acrobat)

30. Which is the Principle of Design that refers to a way of combining elements of art in involved ways to achieve intricate and complex relationships…increasing the visual interest of the artwork?
A. Variety.

31. If someone is walking steadily and rhythmically and in step with others, such as in a parade, what are they doing (what form of the performing arts are they using)?
A. Marching Arts

32. When something is plain and doesn’t have any variety, what is that called?
A. Monotony.

33. When someone is able to keep several objects in the air, in motion, at the same time by throwing them and catching them in quick succession, what are they doing?
A. juggling

34. When something has many different things included in it…a variety of interesting things, what is that called?
A. Diversity.

35. What is a field that encompasses motion pictures as an art form or as part of the entertainment industry?
A. Film

Film — also called movies, the cinema, the silver screen, moving pictures, photoplays, picture shows, flicks, or motion pictures, — is a field that encompasses motion pictures as an art form or as part of the entertainment industry. Because photographic film historically has been the primary medium for displaying moving images, academics often refer to this field as the study of film.
Motion pictures are an art form, a popular form of entertainment, and a business. Film is produced by recording "real" people and objects (including played-out fantasy and fakes) with cameras, and/or by animation.
The word film also often refers to photographic film used to make still photographs, or to the flexible strip of plastic covered in a light-sensitive silver halide solution, also called filmstock, on which motion pictures have historically been made.
The images that make up a motion picture are all individual photographs. But when they appear rapidly in succession, the human eye does not detect that they are separate images. This results from persistence of vision, a phenomenon whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. Although we do not experience the images as individual photographs, we do notice the differences between them. The brain then perceives these differences as motion.

36. Monotony and Diversity are both part of what (in the Principles of Design)?
A. Variety.

37. What is another name for a musical variety show consisting of skits, dance routines, and songs that often satirize current events and personalities?
A. Revue

38. Which Principle of Design refers to a union or blend of aesthetically compatible components?
A. Harmony.

39. Another name of a show with various acts: a theatrical show made up of a number of short performances of different kinds, such as singing, comic sketches, dancing, and magic acts is ____________?
A. Variety Show

40. What is the branch of philosophy called that deals with the nature and value of art objects and experiences?
A. Aesthetics.

41. There is another form of the performing arts that is similar to the Variety Show that is defined as theatrical entertainment consisting of a number of individual performances, acts, or mixed numbers, as by comedians, singers, dancers, acrobats, and magicians. What is it called?
A. Vaudeville

1. theatrical entertainment consisting of a number of individual performances, acts, or mixed numbers, as by comedians, singers, dancers, acrobats, and magicians. Compare VARIETY (def. 9).

2. a theatrical piece of light or amusing character, interspersed with songs and dances.
3. a satirical cabaret song.

42. When there is a large difference between two things; for example, black and white, what is that called?
A. Contrast.

43. Exciting and gripping events and actions in a story on the radio are called what?
A. Radio Drama

44. Color, Intensity, Textural, Pattern and Size can all be part of what (in the Principles of Design)?
A. Contrast.

45. If you saw a group of people, dressed in appropriate costume, posing silent and motionless as a representation of a scene (people imitating picture), what is that called?
A. Tableau Vivant

46. Which painting movement was the one in which artists typically applied paint rapidy, and with force to their huge canvases in an effort to show feelings and emotions?
A. Abstract Expressionism.

47. What is the performing arts form that is the art of creating and manipulating puppets in a theatrical show?
A. Puppetry

Art of creating and manipulating puppets in a theatrical show. Puppets are figures that are moved by human rather than mechanical aid. They may be controlled by one or several puppeteers, who are screened from the spectators. Varieties include glove (or hand) puppets, rod puppets, shadow puppets, and marionettes (or string puppets). Puppetry had its beginnings in tribal society and has been part of every civilization. By the 18th century it was so popular in Europe that permanent theatres were built for the usually itinerant puppeteers. Companies presented favourite stories of the French Guignol, the Italian Arlecchino, the German Kasperle, and the English Punch and Judy. By the mid 20th century puppetry had reached television with Jim Henson's Muppets.

48. Who painted “Mural on Indian Red Ground” in 1950?
A. Jackson Pollock

49. Which art movement was of the Counter-Reformation in the seventeenth century in which some features appear in Dutch art?
A. Baroque.

50. During which art movement was Rembrandt’s work?
A. Baroque.

51. What was Rembrandt considered the master of?
A. Dutch art.

52. Who painted “The Lacemaker” and “The Letter”?
A. Jan Vermeer.

Note: the stories we read will be posted as separate posts.