Dynamic marks indicate how loud or soft the music should be played. For instrumental parts, dynamic marks are placed under (or near-by) a note beneath the musical staff. For a vocal part, the dynamic mark is placed above (or near-by) a note on top of the musical staff.
ff = fortissimo: Very loud.
f = forte: Loud.
p = piano: Soft.
pp = pianissimo: Very soft.
fp = forte-piano: Loud, then immediately soft.
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